Teachings
Modes of Devotion (Part 7)
Dasya, or Attitude of a servant toward God, the Master
When the earlier forms of devotion have attained perfection in a devotee, this and the next two forms of devotion manifest in him. These forms of devotion refer to a stage of advanced devotion and are different from devotion based on regulations (vaidhi-bhakti).
Devotional schools speak of different relationships that a devotee can cultivate
toward God.
1. Shanta: This is a calm, knowledge-oriented relationship.
2. Dasya: Here the devotee looks upon himself as the servant and God as the
Master. Sri Ramakrishna recommends this attitude when we are conscious of our
body. Hanuman is cited as an example of this mood, though he is considered to
be one who had realized his identity with God. His attitude toward Sri Rama varied based on his attitude toward himself, as evident from Sri Ramakrishna's words
in his Gospel: "Hanuman had the attitude of a servant. He said to Rama: 'O Rama,
sometimes I meditate on You as the whole and on myself as the part. Sometimes
I feel that You are the Master and I am the servant. But when I have the Knowledge of Reality, I see that I am You and You are I.' "
3. Vatsalya: Looking upon God as the child and oneself as the parent. Yashoda,
Sri Krishna's foster mother, is an example of this relationship with God.
4. Apatya: Related to the previous mood, this mood consists in looking upon oneself as a child and God as the Father or Mother. Sri Ramakrishna taught that looking upon God as Mother is the purest attitude one can cultivate toward God.
5. Sakhya: The devotee looks upon God as a friend.
6. Madhurya: This mood consists in looking upon God as one's beloved. Radha's
attitude toward Sri Krishna is the traditional example of this relationship. Mirabai
and Andal, two woman saints of India, are also known to have surrendered themselves to God looking upon Him as their beloved.
Sakhya, or Cultivating friendly intimacy with God
Arjuna is an example of this kind of devotion to Sri Krishna. The south Indian saint by name Sundaramurti Nayanar is another shining example of this form of devotion. He looked upon Lord Shiva as his closest friend, and the Lord too responded to him accordingly and fulfilled his wishes.
Atmanivedana, or Surrendering one's body, mind, and soul to God
This is the culmination of all devotional practices. The devotee is immersed in God-consciousness, and God fills his whole being. Sri Krishna speaks of such a God-intoxicated devotee when he promises in the Gita (9.22): "Those who worship Me without any other thought and are ever devoted to Me-to them I carry what they lack and for them I preserve what they already have."
As a preparation to this complete self-surrender to God, devotional schools of
Vedanta recommend a sixfold surrender to be practiced by devotees:
1) Thinking of what is auspicious and favorable
2) Not thinking of what is inauspicious or unfavorable
3) Faith in God's saving power. The devotee should look upon God as one's
sole refuge under all circumstances
4) Always preferring God's protection (to frail, worldly supports). The devotee
looks upon inevitable problems in life as opportunities to turn to God and
grow close to Him in devotion
5) Self-surrender
6) Feeling of helplessness (without God's protection)
(To be continued)